Eat a healthy, balanced diet

A low-fat, high-fibre diet is recommended, which should include plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables (5 portions a day) and whole grains.

You should limit the amount of salt you eat to no more than 6g (0.2oz) a day as too much salt will increase your blood pressure. 6g of salt is about 1 teaspoonful.

There are 2 types of fat: saturated and unsaturated. You should avoid food containing saturated fats, because these will increase the levels of bad cholesterol in your blood.

Foods high in saturated fat include:

• meat pies
• sausages and fatty cuts of meat
• butter
• ghee – a type of butter often used in Indian cooking
• lard
• cream
• hard cheese
• cakes and biscuits
• foods that contain coconut or palm oil

However, a balanced diet should still include unsaturated fats, which have been shown to increase levels of good cholesterol and help reduce any blockage in your arteries.

Foods high in unsaturated fat include:

• oily fish
• avocados
• nuts and seeds
• sunflower, rapeseed, olive and vegetable oils

You should also try to avoid too much sugar in your diet, as this can increase your chances of developing diabetes, which is proven to significantly increase your chances of developing CHD.

Be more physically active

Combining a healthy diet with regular exercise is the best way of maintaining a healthy weight. Having a healthy weight reduces your chances of developing high blood pressure.

Regular exercise will make your heart and blood circulatory system more efficient, lower your cholesterol level, and also keep your blood pressure at a healthy level.

Exercising regularly reduces your risk of having a heart attack. The heart is a muscle and, like any other muscle, benefits from exercise. A strong heart can pump more blood around your body with less effort.

Any aerobic exercise, such as walking, swimming and dancing, makes your heart work harder and keeps it healthy.

Keep to a healthy weight

A GP or practice nurse can tell you what your ideal weight is in relation to your height and build

Give up smoking

If you smoke, giving up will reduce your risk of developing CHD.

Smoking is a major risk factor for developing atherosclerosis (furring of the arteries).

Research has shown you’re 3 times more likely to successfully give up smoking if you use NHS support together with stop-smoking medicines, such as patches or gum.

Reduce your alcohol consumption

If you drink, do not exceed the maximum recommended limits.

• Men and women are advised not to regularly drink more than 14 units a week
• spread your drinking over 3 days or more if you drink as much as 14 units a week
• If you want to cut down, try to have several drink-free days each week

Always avoid binge drinking, as this increases the risk of a heart attack.

Keep your blood pressure under control

You can keep your blood pressure under control by eating a healthy diet low in saturated fat, exercising regularly and, if needed, taking medicine to lower your blood pressure.

Keep your diabetes under control

You have a greater chance of developing CHD if you have diabetes. You can help lower your risk of heart problems by being physically active and controlling your weight.

Privacy and confidentiality have long been recognized as essential elements of the relationship between patients, pharmacists, physicians and other health care professionals. The compilation of a complete, accurate medical record is essential to optimal patient care. To effectively provide quality patient care and evaluate the health status of enrolled populations, managed health care systems must assemble, integrate and provide timely access to complex patient information across a broad spectrum of providers, provider organizations, data sources and users. The increasing use of new information technologies offers many opportunities to improve patient care. However, increased use of these new technologies has also raised concerns about the need to preserve patient rights to privacy and limit access to protected medical and pharmacy information.¹

The responsible use of PHI enhances the effectiveness and quality of health care services delivered to groups of patients with similar needs. The individual patient’s right to the privacy of his or her patient-identifiable medical information often preempts access to such information for other than allowable reasons involving treatment, payment or operations. In order to maintain patient confidentiality and deliver quality, cost-effective care to patients with similar treatment needs, managed health care systems develop confidentiality policies and procedures that meet statutory requirements and strike a balance between the need to ensure an individual patient’s right to privacy and the need of practitioners, managed health care systems and payers to share information to demonstrate the quality of the care provided. Individuals must have assurance that those privileged to access their confidential medical record will abide by statute and tenets of ethical behavior to protect such information from inappropriate disclosure and that the responsible, judicious use of such information will enhance their medical care. Managed health care systems therefore implement programs that guarantee these requirements.

In addition, secure access to complete and reliable information, which by necessity includes PHI, is imperative to the continuing improvement of public health and health care delivery through health care related initiatives such as community health information networks, tele-medicine, outcomes research, disease management programs and the creation of population-based statistical data bases.

High-fat foods are not only found in fast food restaurants but are also common in office meals, restaurants, schools, and even in the home menus of many people. Most foods that are fried or cooked with excess oil are considered high-fat foods. They include french fries, pizza, onion rings, mozzarella sticks, and donuts.

1. Causes bloating, stomach ache and diarrhea

Among the macronutrients such as carbs, fat and protein – fat is the slowest to digest. Because high-fat foods contain a high amount of fat, this nutrient slows down stomach emptying, which can cause bloating, nausea and stomach pain.
In people with digestive disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic pancreatitis or stomach ulcers, high-fat foods can cause stomach pain, cramps and diarrhea.

2. Weakens your intestinal microbiome

High-fat foods are known to harm the beneficial bacteria that live in the intestine. These beneficial bacteria help to:

• Digest fiber. Bacteria in the intestine break down fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which have anti-inflammatory effects and may protect against digestive disorders.
• Support immunity. The intestinal microbiome communicates with immune cells to help regulate the body’s response to infection
• Regulate weight. An imbalance of gut bacteria can contribute to weight gain
  Intestine health. Disruptions to the intestinal microbiome have been linked to the development of IBS, while probiotics – live, healthy microorganisms found in some foods – may help improve symptoms.
• Support heart health. Healthy intestinal bacteria can help increase heart-protective HDL cholesterol, while harmful species can produce compounds that damage arteries and contribute to heart disease.

A high-fat diet, such as a type of greasy food, can damage the intestinal microbiota by increasing the number of unhealthy gut bacteria and decreasing the number of beneficial bacteria. These changes lead to obesity and other chronic diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and Parkinson’s disease.

3. Weight gain and obesity

High-fat foods, cooked with a large amount of fat, can cause weight gain due to their high calorie content. For example, a small baked potato (3.5 ounces or 100 grams) contains 93 calories and 0.1 grams of fat, while the same amount of french fries contains 312 calories and 15 grams of fat.

Obesity is linked to many negative health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and some cancers. A high level of trans fat in the body  can contribute to weight gain. Trans fats are formed when vegetable oils are chemically altered to remain solid at room temperature. Despite regulations on their use, trans fats are still found in many high-fat foods due to the use of hydrogenated vegetable oils in frying and food processing.

Animal studies have noted that trans fats can lead to weight gain, even without excess calorie intake. Additionally, an 8-year study of 41,518 women determined that overweight women gained an additional 2.3 pounds (1kg) for every 1% increase in trans fat consumption.

4. Increase the risk of heart disease and stroke

High-fat foods have several negative impacts on heart health. For example, fried foods have been shown to increase blood pressure, decrease HDL (good) cholesterol, and lead to weight gain and obesity, all of which are associated with heart disease. Research shows that French fries increase the likelihood of inflammation and may contribute to heart disease.

5. Increase the risk of diabetes

High-fat foods may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. High-fat food consumption, including not only fried foods but also sugary beverages, leads to high calorie intake, weight gain, poor blood sugar control, and increased inflammation. Together, these factors raise the risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome—a cluster of conditions including obesity, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar levels.

For example, a large observational study showed that eating fried foods 1 to 3 times per week increased the risk of type 2 diabetes by 15%, while eating fried foods 7 or more times per week increased the risk by up to 55%. Another study showed that individuals who consumed fast food more than twice per week had double the risk of insulin resistance, which may be a precursor to diabetes, compared to those who consumed fast food less than once per week.

6. Causes acne

In fact, studies link the Western diet, rich in refined carbohydrates, fast food, and high-fat foods, with the potential to cause acne. A study involving 5,000 Chinese adolescents found that frequent consumption of fried foods increased the risk of acne by 17%. Furthermore, another study involving 2,300 Turkish adolescents revealed that consuming greasy dishes like sausages and hamburgers increased the risk of acne by 24%. However, the exact mechanism behind this condition remains unclear. Some researchers suggest that a poor diet may affect gene expression and alter hormone levels, thereby promoting acne.

7. Impairs brain function

A diet high in high-fat foods may cause problems with brain function. Weight gain, high blood pressure, and metabolic syndrome associated with high-fat foods are also linked to structural, tissue, and functional damage in the brain. Two large studies involving 5,083 and 18,080 people found that diets rich in high-fat and fried foods reduced learning and memory abilities and increased the risk of inflammation. In addition, diets high in trans fats are associated with brain function decline. In a study of 38 women, higher intake of saturated fats and trans fats was linked to poor memory and reduced work performance.